India's "Cockroach" protests began more than a month ago over alleged leaks in some of the country's most competitive entrance exams for medical colleges and government jobs.
The movement has since expanded beyond exam grievances, drawing professionals and families while channelling broader frustration.
Thursday's demonstrations at Jantar Mantar, a designated protest site in New Delhi, followed overnight clashes in which police used tear gas and batons to disperse crowds, the second such confrontation this week.
On Monday, thousands of protesters had defied restrictions and marched toward parliament before police broke up the demonstration with tear gas and batons.
Protesters regrouped by Thursday morning, returning to the protest site despite roadblocks, while authorities suspended Delhi Metro services at 16 stations across central New Delhi in an effort to limit access to the demonstrations.
The issue of exam leaks has become a powerful symbol of frustration for millions of young Indians.
Protesters are demanding the resignation of Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan, examination system reforms and compensation for families of students who died by suicide after exam paper leaks.
Facing mounting pressure, Modi addressed the issue publicly for the first time Thursday, announcing fast-track courts to handle examination paper leak cases.
Fast-track courts are special courts created to speed up cases in India's notoriously slow justice system.
"Nothing is more important than the welfare and future of our youth!" Modi wrote on X.
Leaders of the Cockroach Janta Party, which launched the protest movement, said they would not end the demonstrations until the education minister resigned.
Staying true to the movement's tongue-in-cheek style, its founder, Abhijeet Dipke, responded by posting a meme of Pradhan captioned, "Hi, my name is Nothing."
The Cockroach movement began as online satire campaign in May and moved to the streets in June through smaller protests across cities.
It gained momentum after prominent activist Sonam Wangchuk joined the demonstration and began a hunger strike that has lasted more than three weeks.
Police forcibly transferred Wangchuk to a hospital at the weekend.
For many young Indians, the protests have become one of the few visible expressions of dissent in a country where demonstrations against Modi's government have led to a broader crackdown on activists, opposition figures and public protests.
The movement's rapid growth beyond student groups reflects wider frustration among young Indians and echoes a broader trend across South Asia, where young people have driven anti-government movements in recent years.
