The heavy overnight bombardment came ahead of a NATO summit in Turkey on Tuesday and Wednesday, where US President Donald Trump is due to meet Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy to make a renewed push to end the war, now in its fifth year.
Ukraine's air force data showed it was unable to down any of the 23 ballistic missiles fired by Russia, highlighting the critical shortage of US-made interceptors.
Moscow has escalated its air war as its progress on the battlefield has slowed.
Ukraine intercepted 37 other missiles and more than 90 per cent of the 351 drones used during the attack, the air force said.
Zelenskiy has repeatedly said Ukraine needs more interceptors for its US-made Patriot missile defence system - the only weapon in its arsenal that can effectively down ballistic projectiles, whose high velocity and steep flight path make them difficult to stop.
The Ukrainian leader called for "strong decisions" at the NATO summit, which starts on Tuesday in Ankara, to ensure Ukraine can defend itself.
"As long as Patriot missiles sit in our allies' stockpiles, Russia is only encouraged to keep destroying residential buildings," Zelenskiy said on X.
"The US and Europe have the power to stop this terror."
As rescue operations continued into the morning, emergency crews were looking for residents in buildings shattered by the overnight barrage.
Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko said the death toll in the capital had risen to 12 and more than 50 people were wounded across the city.
In one of the districts, bodies of an entire family - two parents and their child - were pulled from the rubble, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andrii Sybiha said.
The attack came days after 31 people were killed in a Russian attack on Kyiv on Thursday - the deadliest strike on the city of 2026.
Close to 30 residential buildings were significantly damaged in the attack, including a nine-storey block in the historic Podilskyi district which had been largely destroyed from the fifth level up, officials said.
Podilskyi, along with the eastern Darnytskyi district, were at the epicentre of the strikes, the General Prosecutor's office said.
In Podilskyi, rescue crews sifted through rubble as smoke rose from an apartment block with a gaping hole in its top floors.
Emergency workers used ladder trucks to reach upper floors while firefighters battled lingering flames.
Russia's defence ministry said on Monday its forces had conducted a "massive" attack on Kyiv and other locations with long-range, high-precision air-, land-, sea-launched weapons and drones.
The ministry also said military and energy facilities were hit in Kyiv and its surrounding region, as well as military airfields in several other Ukrainian regions.
Five people were killed and 26 injured in the region surrounding Kyiv and the southern Black Sea port of Odesa also came under attack with at least one person injured, local officials said.
In recent months, Ukraine has slowed Russian advances along the 1200km front line, and has retaken territory in some areas while intensifying its own strikes deep into Russian territory, mainly on energy targets.
On Saturday, Zelenskiy and Ukraine's military denied a Russian claim that the strategically important eastern city of Kostiantynivka has been captured.
Ukraine launched new drone attacks on Russia, damaging the Baltic Sea ports of Vysotsk and Ust-Luga, a major oil exporting outlet, Russian authorities said on Monday.
Ukrainian attacks also caused a power blackout in the Crimean city of Sevastopol, home to Russia's Black Sea Fleet.
